Education and income (socioeconomic status)
- Tobacco use is associated with low socioeconomic status, whether measured by national income, household or individual income, occupational status, or level of education, in many countries around the world.
Equity, social determinants and public health programmes, World Health Organization - SES is strongly associated with tobacco use in the US, with prevalence of current smoking greatest among adults with working class jobs, low educational level, and low income.
"Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000." American Journal of Public Health - 30% of blue-collar workers in the US smoke, compared with 1% of physicians.
"Don’t Forget Tobacco," New England Journal of Medicine - Smoking prevalence is highest among adults with a GED certificate (49.1%), declines with increasing education, and is lowest among adults with a graduate degree (5.6%).
"Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years--United States, 2009." US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Poorer groups in low-income countries seem to smoke more tobacco than higher-income groups in the same countries.
Equity, social determinants and public health programmes, World Health Organization -
Children in early childhood education programs are less likely to engage in high-risk activities like smoking.
"Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy." Russell Sage Foundation
